Wheaton College Admissions Data and Acceptance Rate

If you are interested in attending Wheaton College, know that they accept around  three-quarters of those who apply. Learn more about what it takes to get into this college. About Wheaton College Wheaton College is a private, Christian liberal arts college located in Wheaton, Illinois, west of Chicago. The college is interdenominational, and students come from over 55 church denominations. The college has a 12 to 1 student / faculty ratio, and undergraduates can choose from 40 majors. The college frequently ranks highly among national liberal arts colleges and best value colleges. Wheaton is also one of the 40 schools Loren Pope included in his well-regarded Colleges that Change Lives. In athletics, the Wheaton Thunder compete in 22 NCAA Division III intercollegiate sports in the College Conference of Illinois and Wisconsin (CCIW). Admissions Data (2016) Wheaton College Acceptance Rate: 79  percentGPA, SAT and ACT graph for WheatonTest Scores: 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 590 / 710SAT Math: 580 / 690SAT Writing: - / -What these SAT numbers meanTop Illinois colleges SAT comparisonACT Composite: 27  / 32ACT English: 27  / 34ACT Math: 25  / 30ACT Writing: - / -What these ACT numbers meanTop Illinois colleges ACT comparison Enrollment (2016) Total Enrollment: 2,901  (2,456 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 47 percent Male / 53 percent Female98 percent Full-time Costs (2016-17) Tuition and Fees: $34,050Books: $800 (why so much?)Room and Board: $9,560Other Expenses: $1,900Total Cost: $46,310 Wheaton College Financial Aid (2015-16) Percentage of Students Receiving Aid: 87  percentPercentage of Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 80 percentLoans: 53 percentAverage Amount of AidGrants: $17,344Loans: $7,108 Academic Programs Most Popular Majors: Biblical Studies, Business, Communication Studies, Elementary Education, English, History, International Relations, Philosophy, Psychology, Sociology Retention and Graduation Rates First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 95 percent4-Year Graduation Rate: 82  percent6-Year Graduation Rate: 91  percent Intercollegiate Athletic Programs Mens Sports: Football, Track and Field, Wrestling, Swimming, Tennis, Soccer, Golf, Basketball, Baseball, Cross CountryWomens Sports: Soccer, Swimming, Softball, Tennis, Basketball, Track and Field, Volleyball If You Like Wheaton College, You May Also Like These Schools University of Chicago: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphPepperdine University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphBaylor University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphPrinceton University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphStanford University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphVanderbilt University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphYale University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Michigan: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphCalvin College: ProfileTaylor University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphWestmont College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT Graph Wheaton College Mission Statement mission statement from http://www.wheaton.edu/welcome/aboutus_mission.html Wheatons mission statement expresses the stable and enduring identity of the College - our reason for existence and our role in society and the church. All the purposes, goals, and activities of the College are guided by this mission. Wheaton College serves Jesus Christ and advances His Kingdom through excellence in liberal arts and graduate programs that educate the whole person to build the church and benefit society worldwide. This mission expresses our commitment to do all things - For Christ and His Kingdom. Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics

Teens And Driving Teen Driving - 1411 Words

Aria Homayounnejad Claire Barth English 1101 27 November 2014 Teens and Driving Teen drunk driving is all about actions and reactions, unfortunately for those teens that choose to follow in this path of drinking and driving, most of them do not have the real life experiences that are required to make a rational, educated, and safe decision. The social pressures to conform to the â€Å"normal† behavior, the bad examples, and the lack of strong parental figures can lead the best of teens down the wrong path. Hopefully, while most will learn, drunk teen drivers are a huge risk to everyone, with the potential to end not only their life, but the lives of the innocent drivers on the road, who for the most part are only thinking of going from point A, to point B, to hopefully make it home to their loved ones. Let’s take a look at the reasons these changes should be made, as they are very eye opening and show some very disturbing statistics involving teen driving. Teenage driving has cost more than 81,000 people lives since the year 2000 as a result of motor vehicle accidents. Teen drivers are not always attentive and responsible; friends, music, and cell phone can easily distract the drivers. Although not all accidents can be prevented, if there is a possibility that rising the legal driving age to 18 can potentially decrease the number of individuals killed in motor vehicle accidents than it can only have a positive outcome. There are many individuals that have received theirShow MoreRelatedTeen Driving Essay826 Words   |  4 PagesTeen driving is unsafe and dangerous, teen driving is the leading cause of teenage deaths in the United States with more than 5,000 teens dying a year. 17 year old Weston Griggs, killed himself and the 2 passengers he had in his car. But, this accident was no accident. Weston was going 70 mph in a 40 mph speed zone. The issue in this story is that young drivers like Weston, inexperienced and full of adrenaline are just hurting them selves and others by getting behind the wheel at such a youngRead MoreTeen Drinking And Driving921 Words   |  4 Pages4 *date* Teen drinking and driving Drinking and driving is one of the biggest social issues for teens across the United States. Getting behind the wheel of a vehicle after consuming alcohol is a very dangerous thing no matter what age you are. However, teens do not think about the consequences of drinking and driving until it is already too late. Many things contribute to this growing problem of teen drinking and driving. First, there is a lack of education about drinking and driving in schoolsRead More Teen Driving Essay1069 Words   |  5 PagesTeen Driving Getting the License   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many of today’s teens can’t wait to get that piece of paper with the cheap plastic on top, saying they are newly licensed drivers. But in New Jersey that’s going to be a little harder, since January 1, 2001 NJ has put into affect the new Graduated Driver License Program (GDL).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The GDL is a program that teens and first-time drivers must complete to get their unrestricted license. This program was designed to lower the number of driving fatalitiesRead MoreTeen Driving : The Dangers Of Teenage Driving2123 Words   |  9 Pagesthe wheel do we think about the number of deaths and accidents that occur due to teen driving? The number of families destroyed, futures cut short all because that excitement we feel takes us over and turns our impressionable 16 year old into a reckless, irresponsible drivers. The government has implemented laws to curb this problem but to no avail. I will deal with the following questions. What causes teen driving to be the no. 1 killer in America? Are the laws implemented by the government sufficientRead MoreDriving Laws And Penalties For Teens889 Words   |  4 Pagesadulthood. Gaining more privileges give teens freedom and responsibilities. Driving can be a deadly privilege if not taken seriously. With more teen s dying behind the wheel, changes need to be made. Driving laws and penalties for teens should be drastically changed to prevent deaths and injuries. It is important to try to stop this issue from the source before teens start to drive by themselves. According to Huffington Post, one in five United States teens never took any form of driver’s educationRead MoreTeen Driving Persuasive Essay1685 Words   |  7 Pagesand lack of patience to get to your destination worth not getting there at all? Most people are distracted at least half the time when driving; whether it be a phone, trying to change the radio station, drinking, eating, reaching down in the seat, or simply having a conversation with the passenger. It’s not expected for someone to be absolutely silent when driving. The world doesn’t expect you not to sing to your favorite song and maybe even bounce to the beat of your favorite tune. Yet, people areRead MoreEssay about Teen Driving643 Words   |  3 Pagesolds. In 1996, 6,300 teens died in the United States from motor vehicle crash injuries. The fatality rate for teenage drivers is about 4 times as high as the rate for drivers 25 to 65 years old. On average, a teen driver is killed every other day in California. In most of those fatalities, the reason was either involving speeding or driver error. But in California, Oregon, Michigan, and other states, those statistics are dropping because they have had laws restricting teen driving on the books for moreRead MoreTeen Driving Behavior Of Teenage Drivers988 Words   |  4 Pagesincludes when teenagers start driving, they drive differently with their parents, but when they get behind the wheel with their friends as passengers, then it is a different story. The percentage of car crashes among teenagers that included their friends as passengers went up due to the risky behavior the driver. This is especially true for male teenage drivers and male passengers. The article I chose is called The Observed Effects of Teenage Passengers on the Risky Driving Behavior of Teenage DriversRead MoreEssay Teens Problem of Texting and Driving541 Words   |  3 PagesTexting and driving is the act of reading, sending and typing text messages, e-mails or using online websites while operating a motor vehicle. Many people have viewed the practice and it is very dangerous. It has also been ruled as the cause of some motor accidents that have caused deaths. In some states texting and driving is illegal and/or restricted. Texting while driving had lead to increased distraction behind the wheel. In 2006, Liberty Mutual Insurance Group conducted a survey of moreRead MoreTeen Drinking and Driving Essay examples1756 Words   |  8 Pages Now-a-days teens watch TV and believe anything they see on television. â€Å"Professional Athletes don’t cause more DUI Fatalities than other American—they just make more headlines (Lake, 2013) EBSCOHOST). So seeing someone famous drinking and then hoping in the car under the influence and beganing to drive with no worries, teens think it is okay. Excuses and false assurance are major reasons teens believe they can drink. People believe they will not get caught and that they have complete control

Essay on Sports Sponsorship Free Essays

The main reason for companies to invest into professional sports is because many minds of sports have a certain desirable image or the athlete / player is an idol for the people. The identification with the athletes / players is strong, they are role models for the spectators and younger generations. The Investors hope that when people see the athlete they also think of the product features and vice versa. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay on Sports Sponsorship or any similar topic only for you Order Now Later If the target group goes into a shop, they see the product and remember the connection. Maybe they even buy the product. It is very important that the image of the product and the image of the athlete correspond to each other. Therefore, it is impossible in Germany that a football player would promote red lipstick. If a company needs a new or better image for itself or for a product, they often sponsor a sports club or an athlete. The German company Siemens sponsors Real Madrid because Real Madras’s team Is supposed to be modern and excellent at what they do, an Image that Siemens wishes to imply for their own company. Another reason for sports sponsorship can be the introduction of a new and still unknown product or that the company itself is still new and unknown. Therefore, the company tries to gain attention by advertising with sport events or athletes. In the sass Commodore was a pompons for the 1 . FCC Brayer Munched, because nobody knew Commodore and they gained public attention with their commitment.. But some sponsors work with little clubs to be closer to their customers. For example insurance companies are interested in the direct contact with the people. They want to sell their products. It is not important for small and regional companies to sponsor a big club. They need a little club in their area / district for success. Every company needs their own sponsor concept for success and content clients. What can be done for a sponsor at a Volleyball event.. Where and how can a sponsor show his logo or product? You have some areas for the sponsors banner, flags, flying banner etc. : o I v areas (ten Title, Press room, sponsor wall) o spectator areas (Like entry, the hall †¦. O Press areas (like the press room, the press conference†¦. ) o VII area (for the sponsors, important people †¦.. ) – It is possible to give â€Å"give sways†, papers and programs for the spectators or VISP with the sponsor logo or information. – Sometimes the sponsor have an area for information or a booth. How to cite Essay on Sports Sponsorship, Essays

Developing an Effective Risk Managementassessment free essay sample

Developing an effective risk management assessment Todays society has brought risk at each level of society. Risk is no long just in the corporate world, but within the criminal Justice and security areas. Identifying and planning according to the risk within the Justice and security areas is ever changing. Knowing the resources available Is the first step to developing a plan to protect and service the public. The risk planning for Justice and security Is similar to what a security firm would do for a corporation, but on a larger scale.Law enforcement needs to put the risk in order of importance. When law enforcement is developing a risk management plan they need to accommodate for the cost of enforcing the plan. To balance the cost developers need to show the benefits and consequences of a risk management plan. Each one of these steps needs to occur if a risk management plan is to be effective. Knowing the resources available and planning for the risks Knowing and completely understanding the threats provides law enforcement an advantage in preparing for a range of risk and challenges.The risk that criminals, terrorists, and extremists practice are striking society when and where these organization are ready and they perceive law enforcement Is absent or Is lease likely ready. Development of risk plans by law enforcement need to recognize potential risk and plan accordingly to counter external or internal risk in society. The correct assessment provides the leadership with critical information and trends that impact the strategic planning. Risk management report also identify future security and operational opportunities, provide for reasoning for funding, and provide the citizens of public safety plans (Federal Bureau of Investigation, n. D. ). Law enforcement agencies risk assessment should not only happen when a disaster occurs, but when a leadership change happens, procedural or a physical security modification happens. Analytical risk assessment and security risk assessments should both be developed and use when identifying risk to law enforcement.These reports provide managers with the types of security programs to lower risk, justify the funding and resources that are requested, and describe methods of improving security in the entire law enforcement organization. Analytical risk assessment and security risk assessments a stricture of the current threats, risk, vulnerabilities, and assets of a law enforcement agency. Analytical risk assessment offer methods of examining security and operational readiness and cost-effective countermeasures. With security risk assessment the finding provide information to make informed Decision.When these two assessments are used, law enforcement improves the ability to face the risks that are current and that happen with no warning (Federal Bureau of Investigation, n. D. ). People The first area law enforcement examines when managing risk to the organization is the people. The more personnel the organization employs the more security and challenges it faces. The organization must provide current technology to ensure the personnel can carrier out the duties to provide security to mitigate the risk. Ensure personnel are protected allows for the protection of society.The society and law enforcement personnel need each other to prevent the risk to security from occurring. The manner that the organization can accomplish this is conducting refresher training, and asking the personnel who ride everyday on the streets what they see as developing risk (Federal Bureau of Investigation, n. . ). Information Prior to September 1 1, 2001 Americas law enforcement data came from several avenues and agencies. The years following the attack this has expanded not Just within the United States but worldwide.No longer is information gathered or shared by personnel but along with the advancement in electronic and Internet means. The reducing of threats from these methods of obtaining information, law enforcement need to follow what the Army calls operation security. This is only allowing information to be known or shared with personnel that need to know. Not everyone needs to know everything. Just because the commissioner knows everything the patrol officer does not need to know what the commissioner knows.With regard to electronic and the Internet the advancement in software security that federal agencies have should be shared with state and local agencies. Information on these systems is Just as deadly as in federal agencies (Federal Bureau of Investigation, n. D. ). Operations Operational security can also be included in the operations of law enforcement. As advancement and incorporating of technology happens the geographically area disappears and reliance on electronic connection happens, which develops a limitability for sabotage and espionage.Law enforcement agencies can lower these risks by incorporating operational security into the development of the technology and into the daily duties, and integrate security compliance into the plans, procedures, policies and performance reviews. When personnel integrate security into every area of operations areas of information and personnel is affected to the level that it is a common occurrence (Federal Bureau of Investigation, n. D. ). Equipment Law enforcement personnel, information, and operations encompass the use of becoming a risk to the system.For law enforcement to lower risk to the security of the equipment, agencies can develop physical barriers, monitoring surveillance, electronic sensors, and human security. If a computer from a patrol officers car was to be stolen. The information on this laptop is critical. Perhaps finger scans of the law enforcement officer are a human system that could be used on this technology. With regard to sensors and monitoring this has begun with dash board cameras for when a police officer pulls over a citizen.Perhaps putting a camera in the back seat of the officers car can prevent risk of lawsuits by an arrested citizen (Federal Bureau of Investigation, n. D. ). Facilities Some would not believe that law enforcement facilities would need risk managing. Why would a law enforcement facility need one. Perhaps it is preventing escapes, protection from lawsuits, or basic building security. Agencies can mitigate these risks by developing a security perimeter with multiple levels of supporting protection.For any door besides the front door or restrooms a buzzer or badge access should be used. Once pass this level additional to badge access on doors, sensors in the wall, floor, and ceiling should be used. Depending on the information, personnel, or equipment in the room would depend on the level of security used. Costs associated in managing risk When developing a risk assessment plan one element to encompass is the cost that will happen in managing the risks. Not including the cost in the plans will lead to areas not being protected, and that leaves gaps of vulnerabilities.These areas of vulnerabilities demonstrate cracks that can be exploited to gain access or control of critical areas of security and law enforcement. It is critical vulnerable areas, such as personnel, information, equipment, operations, and facilities become part of the cost associated with managing these risks. When determine the cost of managing risks to the organization four criteria should be used to determine if the cost is worth it (Federal Bureau of Investigation, n. D. ). * Critical: no effective countermeasures currently are in place, and known adversaries would be capable of exploiting weaknesses to reach the asset. High: some effective countermeasures exist, but the asset has multiple weaknesses that adversaries could exploit to their advantage. * Medium: some effective countermeasures exist, but the asset has at least one weakness that adversaries could exploit to their advantage. Low: multiple layers of effective countermeasures exist, and few or no known adversaries could exploit to their advantage (Federal Bureau of Investigation, n. D. ). For law enforcement not to monitor risk to the organization is a critical error. This is the one organization that needs to manage this area.Not managing a risk to law enforcement leaves citizens with no confidence in the abilities for the organization to protect them from risk to society. If the public sees law enforcement not stopping the risk to escapes of suspects, which this ties into managing risk to facilities of law enforcement by not securing the building the suspect could escape. Another example would be if the information on an abuse woman was able to be access by the abuser, and if the risk of information on a terrorist that was held by law enforcement was obtaining this could put the security of the nation at risk.It is the times we currently live in that provides the need for applying the correct level of protection to the risks of the organization, and not managing these risk or not possess a plan is also wasting funds. When improper managing is done this also has an effect on the citizens the law enforcement agencies are protecting. There needs to be monitoring of risk and the cost of them to ensure these risk an operation correctly and the elements that go into them are done correctly as well. The affect a properly performed risk analysis has for management Developing a proper security risk assessment enables leadership to make informed decisions.Making accurate decisions based on properly known assessments allows leadership to derive acceptable level s of risk and the correct course of action. A risk analysis provides a list of the risk to what resources are available and needed to meet the risk. From the analysis stakeholders and leadership can decide on the type f countermeasures to implement and where to implement them, or they may accept risk conditions based on existing priorities, resources, and threat status (Federal Bureau of Investigation, n. D. ).A risk analysis report to be beneficial should include: * The summary must highlight the major findings, requests, and suggestions. * Overview detailing the analytical risk assessment to familiarize stakeholders and leadership with the process. * Status of any connected assessment reports received from other agencies. * In-depth description of assessed assets, threats, and vulnerabilities. Examining the calculated security or operational risks. * Provide countermeasure options on the types and quantities desired. Critical concerns and prioritize specific problems. * A security program plan describing the departments plan of action to mitigate risks. * Discussion of planning, programming, and budgeting requirements. * Overall lessons learned and information for sharing. * Predictive risk analysis describing future risks and preventive measures. * Summary and conclusion recapping major findings and recommendations. With this information in the risk analysis the developing, cost, consequence, and infinite for leadership is provided.Leadership cannot explain or examine the benefits of any risk without this information. Conclusion Picturing a law enforcement agency the first image is security, which leans itself to the organization developing countermeasures to each risk to the organization. When a law enforcement agency identifies and plans accordingly it needs to include the cost that will happen to complete the risk assessment and implement the plan. When it is developing the cost the areas that should be included are the personnel, operations, equipment, and facilities.

Qualitative and Quantitative Research in Social Care Policy And Practice Essay Example

Qualitative and Quantitative Research in Social Care Policy And Practice Essay Research is generally a form of systematic inquest that leads to acquiring knowledge about a problem or a new phenomenon. Research can be conducted in various ways   e.g. by academic discipline, method of data collection or case studies. There are various types of research some of them can be categorised as evaluative research, action research, case study research, experimental research, community profiling, social research, systematic reviews, quantitative research, qualitative research and scientific research etc. In social work and social care research, the relationship between research, practice and theory development (new knowledge) is a more dynamic one with each dimension usefully informing the others. Social care research has been influenced by professional and disciplinary developments. The nature and purpose of social work research is now focusing on its distinctive contribution to the scope of social scientific research (Center for Human Service Technology 2006). This pa per will deliberate on social care research from qualitative and quantitative perspectives. Moreover, this paper will also scrutinize how both types of research is used in social care, for example in making policies, in evaluating projects or in direct practice.Research MethodsQualitative research is one of the two major approaches to research methodology in social science. Qualitative research involves investigating participants opinions, behaviors and experiences from the informants points of view. On the other hand, quantitative research is the systematic scientific investigation of quantitative properties and phenomena and their relationships. Quantitative research is widely used in both the natural and social sciences, including physics, biology, psychology, sociology, geology, education, and journalism. The objective of quantitative research is to develop and employ mathematical models, theories and hypotheses pertaining to natural phenomena. Qualitative research can be differ entiated from quantitative research in that it does not rely on quantitative measurement and mathematical models, but instead uses logical deductions to decipher gathered data dealing with the human element. Its downside, compared to quantitative research, is that it is more expensive, has smaller sample sizes and is hard to measure.Quantitative research methods are widely used in social care and facts finding about certain social issues. But qualitative research is found more appropriate and useful for policy evaluation. The understanding for the contribution of qualitative research   to policy formulation, evaluation, and of what they bring to policy analysis, both alone and in association with quantitative methods. Nonetheless, there are no categorically agreed standards regarding what constitutes quality in   qualitative policy evaluation methods. In qualitative research there has been a growing emphasis on ways of   formalising quality standards, and a large number of set s of guidelines (Spencer Liz 2004 p.10)Social Care Research For Making Positive Changes For Service UserRecently, service user involvement in health and social care research is considered as a right, not a privilege, and as an activity that has positive outcomes for both the individuals and the research activity concerned. Training is therefore considered a key principle of service user involvement, because that people who are ‘novice’ researchers may need to gain some specific skills and knowledge in order to work effectively. Training for service user involvement in research is not so easily available. There are relatively small number of initiatives that actively provided training and most of these had been recently established. Most of initiatives existed within a collaborative working environment. Universities are the most common training provider.Service users can identify two key questions that they may ask of training. They may ask about the purpose and selectio n of particular persons. Training is most valued when it had a clear purpose, when it is centered around specific research tasks and real research problems, and above all when it is linked to a defined and real research project or role. Of key importance, in highly rated initiatives, service users’ contributions/roles in the training and research clearly and explicitly drew upon their experiences as service users. These contributions ranged across a large part of the research process, but in all cases there was a clear purpose to the contribution. Such training and information for service user can improve the quality of service by using qualitative and quantitative research techniques.Social Care Research Policy MakingQualitative research is inquisitive in nature and various   procedures are used such as in-depth interviews and focus group interviews to gain insights. Qualitative work is continuously in a dynamic flux, but moving toward some end-point in an evolutionary wa y. Qualitative efforts make use of that part of the person concerned with true spirit and   significance of things. It is not just an exercise in truth or falsehood. But these investigations are attempts at interfacing with concerned aspect of the real issue. They are, therefore, interpretations and not truths in the positivistic sense (Jones K. 2004).While looking for information, researchers instinct may turn to books. However, many primary research books are typically of more use in providing a setting, in giving the theoretical background to research, or presenting a review of the literature. If the area of study deals with current issues, then it is important to gain current and up-to-date knowledge. It is quite possible that while doing research review, researcher may not get the required material in books but it is easy to get current information in journals than books. While   searching journals it should be remembered that they vary greatly in purpose and depth. It is t herefore quite important to take some well-known titles in social work, community care, brief reports on topics of current concern ( Macwilliam Stuart 2003 p.9). A qualitative research study can involves following elements (Spencer 2004): ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     A review of literature on qualitative research methods, including a review of the ways in which different methods and approaches are used in evaluations. This will also involve reviewing existing quality standards frameworks. ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In depth interviews with a range of qualitative research practitioners, academics andresearchers who have written about qualitative research from a theoretical perspective, commissioners and funders of qualitative research, and policy-makers who have used qualitative research evidence in the development and evaluation of policies. ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The development of a proposed set of standards or a quality framework, which incorporat es as fully as possible the various perspectives generated by the first two stages. ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Holding of workshops with the groups involved in the in-depth interviews, reviews, critiques and refining the framework. ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The application of the framework to a small number of research reports to assess its utility, followed by further refinement of the framework.In qualitative research there is a strong rationale for using an evidence-based approach. Social care research can provide us with evidence upon which to base decisions taken at all levels of social care management or policy   perspectives. Such research and information can be used for policy making and decision making in following ways (Macwilliam 2003 p.9): ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The qualitative research can inform decision-makers by providing required knowledge about the relevant issue. ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It can strengthen and su pport practitioners decision making by giving confidence to their arguments about services required. ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It supplies material for use in service reviews and joint reviews. ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Qualitative research can support the review processes that requires the service providers to prove that the services they are delivering are evidence-based and can achieve required results. ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Qualitative Research results can provide information to service users and carers of what the research says about the interventions, services or treatments they are receiving. It empowers service users and carers by getting them directly involved in the research process and using the findings to inform service development. ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The research results can help   managers and commissioners decide which services, approaches and interventions to support. ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The resear ch results can provide staff with background information on conditions and illnesses that their clients may be experiencing. ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The research results can provide staff with new and innovative practice ideas.What is EvaluationIt is not enough to just conduct qualitative and quantitative research and forward some recommendations and information for policy makers and mangers. But the most important phase of any research is the evaluation and appraisal process. A framework for appraising the quality of qualitative research or quantitative research is very important. The framework can be developed with particular reference to evaluations concerned with the development and implementation of social policy, programmes and practice. It should be   devised as part of a programme of research conducted on behalf of policy makers. The evaluation of the research should involve the following: ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A review of quantitative or literatu re on qualitative research methodology. ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A review of present frameworks for assessing quality in the research work. ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Investigative interviews with a variety of people who have an interest in quality assessment of research and/or policy-related evaluations. ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Drawing the inferences and viable suggestions.Brief Example of Use of Research for Policy Making and EvaluationThe government in UK has taken various policy initiatives on the issues related to health and social care. Department of Health, has set out the priorities for the government’s ten-year National Service Framework (NSF). The new policy framework includes enhancing the role which the mental health nurses can play in improving dignity in care for people of all ages. The policy makers understand that   there are still deep-rooted negative attitudes and behaviours towards older people which impact on their experie nce of and quality of care. The government is currently reviewing its policies for achieving sustainable improvement in the experiences of older people using public services. The Commission for Social Care Inspection report published on 6 February 2006 concludes that care homes are not providing adequate medication. The correct medication provided to older people can make a huge difference to their quality of life (Department of Health 2006).ConclusionIn the social sciences, qualitative research is a broad term that describes research that focuses on how individuals and groups view and understand the world and construct meaning out of their experiences. Qualitative research methods are sometimes used together with quantitative research methods to gain deeper understanding of the causes of social phenomena, or to help generate questions for further research. Unlike quantitative methods, qualitative research methods place little importance on developing statistically valid samples, or on searching for statistical support for hypotheses.

Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther King Jr Essay Essays

Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther King Jr Essay Essays Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther King Jr Essay Essay Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther King Jr Essay Essay There is no uncertainty that there are many similarities between Martin Luther King Jr. and Henry Thoreau though they did non populate in the same century. King himself declared that he was greatly influenced by Thoreau’s essay on civil disobedient. The two civil right militants had similar thoughts on justness in the society. It is besides believed that Thoreau’s work was besides influenced by Ralph Emerson who initiated the ideas about transcendental philosophy in him. Although some people believe that King was more influenced by Mahatma Gandhi. the great Indian leader. it is of import to observe that the thoughts of Gandhi were based on the thoughts put frontward by Thoreau. Furthermore. King stated that while in college. he read Thoreau’s try on civil disobedient which inspired really strong feelings on him ( Arsenault. pg 62 ) . The chief difference between Thoreau and King is the context in which each one of them operated. It is besides of import to observe that King was most vocal a century after Thoreau had left the scene. Thoreau was an writer historiographer and a philosopher in the nineteenth century. One of his most celebrated books other than the civil disobedient essay was the Walden which had the chief subject as simple life. Thoreau was besides a white American since his gramps was a Frenchman. He was opposed to the unfairnesss against the minority in the society in the mid 19th century which included African Americans being used as slaves and the Mexican American war. On the other manus. King was a reverend. He is considered to be the greatest civil militants in America in the twentieth century. He was the leader of African Americans civil rights motion. In the mid twentieth century. there was no bondage in the United States but the African Americans were segregated and discriminated by the dominant race. King mobilized African Americans in protest lucifers and civil disobedient as a manner of contending for justness in the society ( Powell. pp 26 ) . Despite the two militants working in different centuries. they changed the civil rights traditions of civil rights and reforms in the American society. Thoreau was the first individual to present the thought of civil disobedient as channel of forcing for reforms in the American society. Since the publication of his essay on civil disobedient in the mid nineteenth century. his thoughts have transformed activism in the whole universe. The most celebrated influence of Thoreau thoughts was on King’s missive which he wrote while in prison in Birmingham. In the missive. King provinces that Thoreau essay convinced him that non collaborating with what is evil is every bit indispensable as cooperation with what is good. This is a clear indicant that King’s thoughts on civil rights motion were straight borrowed from Thoreau’s thoughts. The missive did non merely back up the thought on non violent civil disobedient in human rights protest but besides expounded on the thoughts introduced by Thoreau in the nineteenth century ( Schroeder. pp 1 ) . Thought the two militants had different positions on the rights and freedom of all in the society. their positions were based on the same thought. The basic thought was that the laden demand to take an active function in the battle against their rights. They were more concerned about the unequal intervention of the minorities in the society either being enslaved or segregated. While Thoreau advocated for individualized rights. King advocated for public consciousness of the freedoms and rights for the good of all ( Chernus. pp 305 ) . Though the missive from Birmingham by Martin Luther King Jr. was based on the same thought with the civil disobedient essay by Thoreau. the two writers were different on all facets. However. this does non contradict the fact that both played an of import function in procuring freedom for the African Americans. Thoreau aided in procuring freedom for the fleeting slaves in the nineteenth century through his strong unfavorable judgment against bondage while King led non violent protest lucifers and civil disobedient against the Jim Crows Torahs that segregated African Americans. They both held a strong place that unfair Torahs should be opposed by the multitudes ( Powell. pp 26 ) . The effectivity of civil disobedient and peaceable direct action in the 2nd half of the twentieth century led by King was inspired by the effectivity of the attack in India led by Gandhi. Thoreau’s thoughts had been proved to be effectual in India. King reintroduced Thoreau’s thoughts into the American protest traditions which were really effectual. The bequest of the two great work forces is still apparent in the American society every bit good as other societies of the universe today. It is common for conservationists. civil rights militants and same sex matrimony protagonists to raise the words of King and Thoreau to support their places ( Powell. pp 26 ) . It is incontestable that Thoreau in the nineteenth century and King in the twentieth century played an of import function in the battle for African American rights. They introduced the thought of civil disobedient in the American society which proved to be effectual. Though both of them were radically different. there thoughts on civil rights and civil disobedient were really similar.

The Safety and Reliability Issue of Robotic System with Artificial Research Paper

The Safety and Reliability Issue of Robotic System with Artificial Intelligence - Research Paper Example Since artificial intelligence is dissimilar to human intelligence, it is incapable of taking independent decisions. Moreover, it is incapable to respond properly in unfamiliar situations. Artificial intelligence need to be advanced a lot before human can trust it for doing independent works. INTRODUCTION â€Å"Robots are physical agents that perform tasks by manipulating the physical world. They are equipped with sensors to perceive their environment and effectors to assert physical forces on it†1. The huge success of robots in doing extremely risky works with utmost precision has developed huge interests in the scientific world about using robotic systems for artificial intelligence. Even though human like behavior cannot be expected from robots, it is widely believed that robots can match human intelligence to a much closer level than once anticipated. It is a fact that robots need human supervision or intervention for safe functioning. However, current robots need less supe rvision from human elements and they are intelligent enough to make necessary changes in its functioning based on the changes in the environment. Robots are currently used for people to conduct remote controlled video conferencing, navigation, rescuing, assisting and lifting of soldiers in the war fronts etc. It is difficult to define artificial intelligence or AI in few words. Generally speaking "Artificial intelligence is the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by men" 2. The history of artificial intelligence started along with the discovery of computers in by Charles Babbage. Even though the possibilities of using artificial intelligence or robots are infinite, still people have many concerns about the reliability of using robots for artificial intelligence purposes. After all, robots are machines and machines cannot think as human does. It should be noted that even well experienced individuals are struggling to take appropriate decisions in this ever changing world. Under such circumstances, the reliability of depending artificial intelligence for executing complex jobs which need logical and quick decision making is highly questionable. This paper analyses the Safety and Reliability issue of Robotic System with Artificial Intelligence. SAFETY AND RELIABILITY ISSUE OF ROBOTIC SYSTEM WITH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Incredible speed in execution is the major advantage of robots controlled by artificial intelligence. Moreover, robots exhaust much slower than humans and therefore it can perform huge volumes of works compared to humans and that also within no time. In manufacturing units, robots can perform complicated works with utmost precision so that manpower requirements can be reduced considerably. Robots with artificial intelligence can handle million of calculations within seconds and therefore, it can perform preprogrammed jobs with ease. Because of the above ability a computer or robot can beat a human in a chess match. The development of mobile robots was driven by the desire to automate transportation in production processes and autonomous transport systems. The former lead to driver-less transport systems used on factory floors to move objects to different points in the production process in the late seventies. New forms of mobile robots have been constructed lately like insectoid robots with many legs modeled

Global Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Global Strategic Management - Essay Example The transformation of local issues and phenomenon into the global ones are known as globalization. The process of unifying people of different culture identities and societies occur in the element of globalization. The entire process of globalization is basically a combination of different factors which are economic, socio-cultural, political and technological. However, globalization is usually referred to as economic globalization and it is related with the concept of integration of national economies into international arena where there are different factors like capital flows, mitigation, foreign direct investment and etc (Stiglitz). Strategists and economist suggests that organizations focuses a lot on globalization and international organizations which are termed as multinationals have to comply with the process of globalization because through this strategy they can enhance their profits and they can they experience growth in both the short and the long term. Different scholars believe that globalization is a wide spread term and this term can be taken and defined into number of ways. However, economic concepts of globalization depicts that the removal of trade barriers between different countries to initiate a proper flow of goods. This phenomenon is not new and it initiated in the 19th century but slowly and gradually this phenomenon gained momentum and different countries and organization started to adopt this phenomenon. Strategic management on the other hand is an important element for the organizations of today's world and strategic management allows the organizations to opt for new and modernized methods and how they can excel in this competitive world. Strategic management is the phenomenon of implementing decisions that are usually of cross functional nature and these functions enable the organization to achieve the long term goals of the organization. The organization's mission, vision and objectives are identified in the strategic management processes (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson). Different approaches are used by different organization like business balance score card, situational analysis, matrices and etc. Globalization and its impact on businesses The effects of globalization are far reaching and it is considered as a complex phenomenon and it is considered as a hotly contested issue in global and corporate arena. This phenomenon is considered to be irresistible at one end and organizations and different companies have to campy with this but on the other this element is considered as a source of contemporary ill. The corporate effects of globalization are wide and varied and organizations have to transform themselves in order to face the challenges of globalization. Organizations have to adopt a novel approach because they have to comply with the changes (Steger). These organizations hav

Which decision of the UK Supreme Court since 1st January 2012, Essay

Which decision of the UK Supreme Court since 1st January 2012, relating to any aspect of Commercial Law, do you think the court got wrong and why - Essay Example In this case, Virgin Atlantic used Zodiac Seats for allegedly infringing the European Parent. At the same time, Zodiac filed an opposition challenging the validity of this patent at the European Patent office. Initially, the UK court ruled that the patent was valid and had not been infringed. Upon an appeal filed by Zodiac, this ruling was reversed and the patent was found to be valid and infringed. Zodiac then appealed to the Supreme Court claiming that principle of res judicata should not apply (Slorach & Ellis, 2012). The Supreme Court assessed the effect of the patent that had been declared invalid. In its judgment, it decided that the invalid patent could not be infringed and that Zodiac was entitled to claim that Virgin had suffered no loss in terms of damages. The controversy in this decision lies in the fact that the Supreme Court challenged the rational of the commercial certainty principle that was used by the court of appeal. The Court commented that in any given situation, only half the parties involved in an action demand commercial certainty. This meant that the decision impacted on the damages and patent litigation in the United

Mutation Testing by Using Formal Method

Mutation Testing by Using Formal Method Jaspreet Singh Abstract Mutation testing was introduced in 1970’s in the field of software testing as a process of testing the test suites by intentionally seeding errors i.e. mutation operators, into the original program’s source code. Its main purpose is to verify the functionality of the test cases which are executed with the aim of catching the variations between the program and the mutants. It’s extremely essential to improve the efficiency and adequacy of test cases. Hence, the goal is to make the mutant program fail. This paper depends upon the literature survey of mutation testing by using formal methods. Keywords- Mutant, Code, Program, Test cases, Kill, PIMS. I INTRODUCTION Since 1970’s, this technique is used by developers for validating the test cases as well as the test data generation. It’s a well know process to computer scientists for years. But due to heaviness of the method, it demanded huge computational power which reduced its usability. But the advancements in software engineering and the era of increased computational power, has laid it continue to serve as the most powerful method of verifying the functionality and performance of test suites. The objective is to improve the aptness and efficiency of test cases where the programmer will intentionally alter the original program’s source code by injecting a faulty piece of code known as a mutant, into it. The resultant code is referred to as mutated code. The mutation procedure will create many versions of the original program. Each version is known as a mutant. The execution of a mutant will verify the proficiency of the test case. If the output of the original program wi ll vary with that of the mutant one causing each faulty version to fail [1]. The resultant mutant is killed and the test case is saved considering it an adequate one. More the number of mutants killed by a test case, the better is the competency of the test case. Mutation testing is proficient in testing programs at the unit level, integration level and the specification level. It has been applied to many programming languages like C, C++, etc. and is a part of white box test technique [2]. II LITERATURE SURVEY Initial concepts of mutation were introduced by Richard Lipton in a class term paper titled â€Å"Fault Diagnosis of Computer Programs†. The first referred publications were presented in the late 1970’s ; the DeMillo, Lipton. PIMS was one of the first mutation testing tools [3]. It originated the basic procedure typically used in mutation analysis of creating mutants, obtaining test cases from the users, and then executing the them on the mutants to conclude how many mutants were killed. The most widely used tool among researchers was the Mothra mutation toolset [3], which provided an integrated set of tools, each of which performed an individual, separate task to support mutation analysis and testing. Several variants of Mothra were created in the early 1990s, including one that implemented weak mutation [4], and several distributed versions. A compiler-integrated mutation tool for C was also developed [5], and tool that was based on program schemata [6]. However, thes e tools were primarily used by the researchers who developed them and the only widely used system besides the original version of Mothra has been the Proteum mutation system for C [7]. A Formal Methods Formal methods are techniques based on mathematics and formal logic. It supports automated consistency checking and testing specifications. It helps finding defects when applied to good quality software. Such methods allow large number of classes of test cases having finite proof with support least dependence on subjective reasoning [8]. B The benefits of using Formal Methods include: Product-focused measure of correctness: The use is used for the of Formal correctness of a system. Early detection of defects: Formal Methods can be applied to earlier detection and elimination of design defects and associated late cycle rework. Guarantees of correctness: Unlike testing, formal analysis tools go through all possible execution paths through the system. If there is any way to reach a fault condition, a tool will find it. In a multi-threaded system where concurrency is an issue, formal analysis can explore all possible interleavings and event orderings[13]. Fig-1 Formal Methods such as model checking examine more system behaviors for safety violations than testing alone III NOTIONS OF FORMAL PROOF: A Mathematical proof: A formal proof is a complete and convincing mathematical argument, presenting the full logical justification for each proof of set of theorems B Machine-checked proof: A formal proof is evidence accepted by a proof checker showing that a conjecture is a valid consequence of given axioms. C Hilbert proof: A formal proof in a theory is a sequence of formulas, each of which is either an axiom of or a direct consequence of preceding formulas in the sequence by virtue of a rule of inference associated with the underlying formal system[14]. IV TYPES OF MUTANTS We define the following classification of mutants as follows: A Killed Mutant; which was killed by a test case which was specifically written to kill it. The concept behind mutation testing is that modifying the source code of a given unit (or mutating it) should cause the test that operates on that unit to fail. Example : Method and Corresponding Unit Test //original code under test public class Example { public boolean is LessThanThree(int number) { return (number Example : Mutated Method public class Example { public boolean isLessThanThree(int number) { return (number > 3); } } Notice that with this mutation, the method testLessThanThree would fail because the mutated method now returns the boolean number > 3, which in this case would be false and the assert statement is checking to see that the desired result is true. The method TestLessThanThreeFail would not fail, however, because 3 is not greater than 3 and the returned boolean would be false, which is what the assert statement is checking for. Because testLessThanThree failed, this mutant is said to be killed; the mutation caused the test to fail, which means the test is adequately catching this kind of mistake[12]. Dead on Arrival (DOA)- Mutant that was killed by the initial test suite found in the test bed. Ignored Mutant which a study participant encountered but did not kill. Living-Mutant which could not be killed due to time constraints (whether or not the mutant was encountered). Crossfire- Mutant that was killed by a test case intended to kill a different mutant. Stubborn.-Mutant that cannot be killed by a test case due to logical equivalence or language constructs. B Ordering Mutants: Let P be an implemented program and P’ be a first order mutant that differs from P at location l. A test case, t1 can distinguish P form P’ provided the following necessary and sufficient conditions hold on executing P and P’ with starting state t1: This has 3 properties: The execution must reach location l ( ); The evaluation of expressions at location l in P and P’ must result in different values at least once ( ) ; The final states on termination of execution of P and P’ must be different ( ). Properties (a) and (b) follow by observing that the location must be reached and in the case of a c-location the two executions must result in two different states if they are to be distinguished. 1) Process of Mutation Testing NO YES YES NO Fig. 2 Working of Mutation process The process of mutation analysis is shown in fig. 2. Steps are as follows: The program is being fed as an input and is executed. The resultant is checked . If the resultant indicates successful completion of the program, then terminate. If not, then create mutants (mutated code). A mutant, as previously mentioned is an intentionally altered program by the programmer. It is fed by some errors termed as mutation operators. Test cases are created to the system to be executed on the program. Execute the test cases against the mutant. If the output of the mutant is correct, then execute the test case on each version of the mutant. If not, then again the output of the original program is checked. Compare the output of the original source code with that of each version’s. A decision is made after determining the output of the original code with that of the mutated one. If the output differs, then the test is considered to be an adequate one and is executed on each of the mutants of the program The mutant that is detected is marked as dead/killed. Whereas, output being same indicates inadequacy of the test case and the program. 2) Mutation Operators- Taxonomy of mutation operators: 3)Statement Mutations: The mutant is produced by replacing the keywords in the statement, like While to do while While to For Example for Switch statement: Program Switch Statements case 0: i++; case 1: i = 4; Mutant: case 1: i++; case 0: i = 4; Operator Mutations The mutant is produced by changing the operator in the original source code. For ex: a=1, b=0 If (a b) { C=1; } else { C=0;} The condition mutation operator would replace with the mutation operator || and gives us the following mutant: If(a||b) { C=1; } else { C=0;} Variable Mutations Replace each variable with another variable declared in the same scope (variable types should be the same). Constant Mutations In constant mutations, the mutant tends to fail as there is no mutation operator to be replaced Ex: If (1) { printf (â€Å"How are you?†); } Else {printf(â€Å"I am fine.†);} In this case, mutation testing fails. [2] Example Original piece of a code: c=a+b; where a=3and b=2 Putting the values for a and b, it will result in 3+2=5 Now, possible mutants are c=a-b; , c=a/b; and c=a*b; Such mutations are mostly easier for a test suite to recognize if (a == b) { //do something } will be mutated to if (a != b) { // do something } Here, == is replaced by !=. V PROS AND CONS Mutation procedure is widely acceptable as an essential way to determine the fault-detecting effectiveness of the test sets. Now software developers and testers everywhere can enjoy the most powerful error- detection capabilities with the speed and ease of use of an automatic running debugging tool [9]. But, at the same time it pertains some disadvantages also, which are as follows: A PRO’S: Providing the testers with a target- One of the major advantages of mutation testing is that it provides the tester with a target. The tester has to generate a test data with the aim of killing all the generated mutants. Therefore, we can generate an adequate test data set that is capable enough to detect errors in the program.[10] Bringing more confidence in customers and testers- The customer also benefits from this technique , as he receives a more reliable and bug free software. This will increase confidence in them which will profit your company where it matters most. Mutation Testing originated as a means of creating more effective test suites by which the tester can be more confident that his program is adequately tested. It’s a powerful fault-based testing approach for competent programmers. B CON’S: Computationally expensive due to lack of automated tool..Mutation Testing is complicated and time-consuming to perform without an automated tool. Often, there are massive number of mutants that are generated for a original program as number of mutants is directly proportional to the mutation operators applied. Hence it is computationally expensive to run. The test cases on each and every mutant. It is also expensive to compile and execute every mutant [9][10]. An example of this is shown in Table No. 2 given below. Table 2 Increase In Computational Cost Such mutants only contribute in increasing the computational cost as the efforts needed to check if mutants are equivalent or not, can be very high even for small programs against the test cases. [2] Equivalent Mutants, one of the biggest problems- Syntactically different from the original program. But, semantically the same. Consider the example given in Table No. 3 given below: The equivalent mutant is generated by changing the operator Table 3 Equivalent Mutants Manual equivalent mutant detection is quite tedious- The other barrier to more widespread use of mutation testing is the amount of manual labor involved in using this technique. Hence, developing mutation adequate test cases can be very labor-intensive.[2] VI CONCLUSION This paper provides a detailed review of mutation testing .It covers the objective, Analysis of previous mutation systems, Formal Methods, working of mutation testing and efficient test case generation, Taxonomy of mutation operators and its Pro’s and Con’s . Mutation testing has given a great contribution in the field of software testing and provided the testers with a matured and affordable technique in detecting best test suites. Future Scope Our future scope is to develop a more advanced mutation testing approach that minimizes the issue of computational cost up to a certain level with the aim of killing all the possible mutants and thereby generating good test cases. REFERENCES [1] Yue Jia ans Mark Harman. An Analysis and Survey of the Development of Mutation Testing. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, King’s College London, Centre for Research on Evolution Search and Testing (CREST), Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, UK, 2010 [2] Hiralal Agrawal , Richard A. DeMillo, Bob Hathaway, William Hsu, Wynne Hsu, E.W. Krauser, R.J. Martin and Aditya P. Mathur, â€Å"Design Of Mutant Operators For The C Programming Language†, Software Engineering Research Centre, Department of Computer Sciences, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN 47907, Revision 1.02, March 20, 1989. [3] D. M. S. Andre. Pilot mutation system (pims) user’s manual. Technical report GIT-ICS-79/04, Georgia Institute of Technology, April 1979 [4] A.J Offutt and S.D.Lee. An empirical evaluation of weak mutation. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering , 20(5): 337-344, May 1994. [5] R.A. DeMillo, E.W.Krauser, and A.P. Mathur. Compiler-integrated program mutation. In Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC’ 92), Tokya, Japan, September 1991. Kogakuim University, IEEE Computer Society Press. [6] R. Untch, A.J. Offutt, and M.J. Harrold. Mutation analysis using program schemata. In Proceedings of the 1993 International symposium on Software Testing, and Analysis, pages 139-148, Cambridge MA, June 1993. [7] M.E. Delamaro and J.C. Maldonado. Proteum – A tool for the assessment of test adequacy for C programs. Proceedings of the Conference on Performability in Computing Systems, pages 75-95. July 1996. [8] A. Jefforson Offutt, A practical system for mutation testing: Help for the common programmer, ISSE Department, George Mason University,Fairfax, VA 22030, 1994. [9] S. Madiraju ,S. Ramakrishnan and A.J.Hurst, â€Å"Towards Automated Mutation Testing†, March 2004. [10] A. Jefferson Offutt and Roland H.Untch, Mutation : Uniting the orthogonal, A. Jeerson Offutt ISE Department, George Mason University Fairfax, VA USA, Roland H.Untch, Department of Computer Science Middle Tennessee State University Murfreesboro, 2000. [11] David L. Dill, â€Å"Formal Methods Specification and Verification Guidebook for software and computer systems† Vol. 1, Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, July 1995. [12] Ben Smith and Laurie Williams, â€Å"Software Engineering†, Department of computer science North Carolina State University. [13] Murali Rangarajan, â€Å"Formal Methods†,Honeywell Laboratories 3660 Technology Drive Minneapolis, MN 55418. [14] James G. Williams and Marshall D. Abrams, â€Å"Formal Methods And Models†.

The Consequences of Drinking And Driving Essay -- Alcohol, drunk drivi

Driving under the influence has affected many people's lives and families. Today I would like to talk to you about the problems of drinking and driving, and why it is a concern for all of us. Driving under the influence is one of the most common and dangerous situations you can put yourself or someone else in. The fact is that drinking and driving is a huge deal and can leave a long trail of broken dreams and hearts. If you drink and drive, not only are you putting yourself at risk, but your passengers and the pedestrians outside of your vehicle. According to the most recent statistics by the National Commission Against Drunk Driving states that 17,000 Americans die each year in alcohol- related traffic crashes and 600,000 Americans are injured (NCADD). That's is and average of one fatal accident every thirty minutes. Every thirty minutes someone's life has ended and his or her family and friends left to weep. Anyone of these accidents could easily be a family member, relati ve, or neighbor. Most of these alcohol-related crashes are not just cuts and bruises. People are paralyzed, severely disfigured, or have lost the ability to live out a normal life with work and having fun are now activities that now rely on the aid of others. There is plenty of reasons alcohol and driving does not mix. The body is a very complicated organism with everything needing to go just right for it to function properly. Alcohol only affects how your body functions negatively. Alcohol is a downer that reduces activity in the central nervous system. The person exhibits loss muscle tone, loss of fine motor coordination ( Net Biz Mentor). Depression and alcohol also do not mix. When people get depressed from everyday life they have the ten... ...up in jail because they are one tenth of a point over the legal limit. So try to manage your life, by not drinking and driving. If you do go out for a drink, try to go somewhere that you can reach either on foot or by public transportation. Think about sharing the driving and on different days with a group of people so that you can take turns at driving. If you do drink even though you meant not to, and you went out with your vehicle, consider taking a taxi and leaving your vehicle behind. This is a whole lot better than living with the guilt and shame of having killed a person or even a friend. Do you really want to be known as the person who has killed someone because of your stupidity? Work Cited -Mothers Against Drunk Drivers. Drinking Driving and Other Drugs. Homepage. 20 June 2003.

Empire On The Development Of British Essay

In 1715, Great Britain ended the War of the Spanish Succession as an emergent imperial power, with a new base at Gibraltar and her naval victory at Malaga. Over the next century, she became as a true world power. Her emergence as an intellectual and scientific power helped stimulate the growth of her empire, and in the empire in turn fostered the blossoming of the scientific and intellectual life in Britain. , England’s quest for colonies came late. In 1600, she had no permanent settlements outside of Europe. 1 In the seventeenth century, however, this had changed dramatically, with the settlement of the colonies in North America, of sugar plantations in the Caribbean, and the beginnings of a large scale slave trade between West Africa and the New World. 2 In these colonial enterprises, the English proved themselves more efficient in supplying the necessities than did their rivals, and were thus largely able to exclude other countries from trade with these colonies. 3 Further, almost from the outset, the English were interested in preserving the territories they seized. Very early on they showed a remarkably sophisticated and highly practical understanding of potential environmental problems involved with settlement and cultivation. Well before other settlers, the British learned to protect forests to prevent drastic erosion. Learning this, they fostered ways to work with the tropical environment rather than against it. 4 The colonies in the Caribbean, with their sugar and tropical produce, and Newfoundland, with its vast quantities of fish, were especially profitable. 5 On the other hand, by the mid-sixteenth century, exploration of the Pacific had all but stopped. The sheer size of the ocean and the difficulties of navigating it intimidated mariners. The few voyages that were made into the Pacific were often largely buccaneering ventures, which brought back wild accounts of these tales for the reading public in England. 6 While English diplomats trying to keep peace sometimes paid lip service to Spain’s claim of the entire Pacific Ocean,7 the course of advancement would not be stayed. An important reason for the influence that the expansion of the empire had on the intellectual climate in England was the influence that the intellectual climate in England had on the expansion of the British empire. In terms of timing, the English came late to the business of exploration. When they turned their energies to exploration, they were already absorbed in the Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution. The English translated the Bible into English and quickly followed this with the production of other major works such as Homer into English. They also began producing their own works, including William Turner’s Herball of 1651. In a remarkable flowering of her intellectual prowess, the English produced many of the finest minds of the age, Isaac Newton, William Herschel, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, David Hume, Adam Smith, Joseph Priestley, and Robert Boyle to name only a few of these luminaries. A great deal of the English learning was driven by pragmatic considerations. Navigation required expertise in astronomy and cartography. As the colonists settled property, they needed competent surveyors, a need that Raleigh recognized, dispatching a mathematician to help map the new world. Knowledge of new rocks, plants, and animals was essential to determine what could be exploited. 8 Coming out of this intellectual ferment, British attitudes about colonies and exploration were very different from those of earlier explorers, notably the Spanish. The English did less to proselytize to the natives they found,9 but early on made science a part of their efforts. They did not find the gold that drove Pizarro; Spain produced no match for James Cook or Joseph Banks. 10 The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge was a key to intellectual ferment and exploration. Chartered 1662, Royal Society won praise as the finest intellectual body in Europe. British exploration and settlement often involved scientific efforts. Discoveries, ranging from observations of native peoples to a growing interest in exotic plants and animals fed the intellectual climate, which in turn injected new energy into exploratory efforts. 11 By contrast, Spain had the Inquisition, proud that fewer works were published in Spain in the eighteenth century than had been published in the sixteenth. An oppressive censorship meant that in every field of intellect except orthodox theology, Spain lagged behind the rest of Europe.

Free Essays on William Blake

â€Å"The human abstract† written by William Blake depicts actual human nature while, satirically, its title suggests the human ideal. With the help of a group of critical materials, the theme and symbolism of the poem, through my point of view, will be divulged, verse-by-verse and stanza-by-stanza, through the images conveyed by the poet. One must keep in mind that Blake placed this poem among his â€Å"Songs of Experience† for it is a realization through the experience of man that, much like the saying â€Å"a doctor can not exist without disease†*, evil must be present in our world for there to be good as the first stanza illustrates. â€Å"Pity would be no more, If we did not make somebody Poor: And Mercy no more could be, If all were as happy as we;†* It begins with a quite severe criticism of innocence through its’ divine attributes such as â€Å"pity† and â€Å"mercy†. Out of this context, these can be considered quite noble feelings, but here, they stem from the â€Å"poor† and the unhappy created by human society that is precisely addressed by â€Å"we† at the beginning of the second verse. The first and third verses, pronounced as calamities, unveil that, to the speaker, these attributes are â€Å"more important than the happiness of all†* perhaps because they provoke an â€Å"alleviation of sorrow†* for the person acting mercifully or feeling pity for another. Hence, the structure of the last verse â€Å"as happy as we† to emphasize the inequality of joy. â€Å"And mutual fear brings peace; Till the selfish loves increase. Then Cruelty knits a snare, And spreads his baits with care.†* The â€Å"divine attributes of innocence†, in the second stanza, undergo a sinister metamorphosis to prepare for â€Å"Blake’s naturalistic fall of man†*, much like the traditional fall commonly known as the story of Adam and Eve, it involves a tree. Man is seen as such a chaotic creature that only fear of one another can... Free Essays on William Blake Free Essays on William Blake â€Å"The human abstract† written by William Blake depicts actual human nature while, satirically, its title suggests the human ideal. With the help of a group of critical materials, the theme and symbolism of the poem, through my point of view, will be divulged, verse-by-verse and stanza-by-stanza, through the images conveyed by the poet. One must keep in mind that Blake placed this poem among his â€Å"Songs of Experience† for it is a realization through the experience of man that, much like the saying â€Å"a doctor can not exist without disease†*, evil must be present in our world for there to be good as the first stanza illustrates. â€Å"Pity would be no more, If we did not make somebody Poor: And Mercy no more could be, If all were as happy as we;†* It begins with a quite severe criticism of innocence through its’ divine attributes such as â€Å"pity† and â€Å"mercy†. Out of this context, these can be considered quite noble feelings, but here, they stem from the â€Å"poor† and the unhappy created by human society that is precisely addressed by â€Å"we† at the beginning of the second verse. The first and third verses, pronounced as calamities, unveil that, to the speaker, these attributes are â€Å"more important than the happiness of all†* perhaps because they provoke an â€Å"alleviation of sorrow†* for the person acting mercifully or feeling pity for another. Hence, the structure of the last verse â€Å"as happy as we† to emphasize the inequality of joy. â€Å"And mutual fear brings peace; Till the selfish loves increase. Then Cruelty knits a snare, And spreads his baits with care.†* The â€Å"divine attributes of innocence†, in the second stanza, undergo a sinister metamorphosis to prepare for â€Å"Blake’s naturalistic fall of man†*, much like the traditional fall commonly known as the story of Adam and Eve, it involves a tree. Man is seen as such a chaotic creature that only fear of one another can...

Why Teachers Need Plot, Emotion and Story

Why Teachers Need Plot, Emotion and Story Why Teachers Need Plot, Emotion and Story Why Teachers Need Plot, Emotion and Story By Michael Students like stories. Teachers know that stories keep their interest. But plot, emotion, character, conflict and theme the tools of a fiction writer can be power tools for educators as well. Having an attitude in class Learning theorists have taught that students learn when they feel the need to; that in a sense, they create their own learning. Because emotion and character come from who we are, a lesson with a story motivates students to learn. When a problem is part of a story when it involves people finding a solution feels more urgent. When a California textbook talks about California earthquakes, California students pay attention. When two geological plates slip past each other and the earth quakes under the ocean, thats interesting to some students. But when it causes a tsunami and destroys peoples homes, that introduces conflict, plot, and emotion. Students remember information better in a story form. It helps me remember that Napoleons 1812 invasion of Russia was unsuccessful when I imagine how he must have felt afterwards. For one thing, he must have felt cold which helps me remember the invasion ended in winter. Even math teachers need plot, emotion, and story. Children can understand a word problem better when there is a story line to it. I may not remember the exact answer to a mathematical word problem about John preparing dinner in the kitchen, but I might remember or estimate whether John ends up with too much or too little. Will John get his fill with two cups of food, or must he squeeze by on only half a cup? When the plot (and a hungry boy) depend on the answer, children are more likely to want to understand it. The story makes the problem more interesting to the student. If the teacher or textbook takes no attitude toward the subject, students may not bother to take one either, or even pay any attention. The lecturer ends up sounding like a washing machine, and students can tell he or she is probably not trying very hard. Using emotion to get into college I remember new vocabulary words because I categorize them according to how they make me feel. I may not know the exact definition of equanimity but I know its a happy word. Im not sure I can define opprobrium either, but I know its not a happy word. I didnt learn either word from a dictionary but from my reading, where I have gathered their general meaning by repeatedly seeing them either in happy or unhappy contexts. This technique of finding emotion is at the center of the strategy I teach for taking standardized college entrance exams such as the SAT. It works because many verbal test questions are little stories, with plot and emotion. 14. Though many Americans in late 1864 viewed Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation with opprobrium, they greeted the capture of Atlanta with _______________. a. indifference b. elation c. derision d. trepidation As long as I have the feeling that opprobrium is not a happy word, I can answer that question correctly even if I hardly understand anything else. I dont have to know the history of the American Civil War, the role of President Abraham Lincoln, what the Emancipation Proclamation was, or even what, who, or where Atlanta is. I just need to imagine a crowd of Americans in 1864 hearing the latest news. The key to understanding this class of question is the conjunctive adverb though, which always tells us that the second clause carries a different emotion than the first clause. Now I know that the answer in the second clause must be a happy word, because the first clause has an unhappy word. So to answer the question correctly, I simply need to choose the happy word from the list. Again, I dont need to be able to define any of the words in the list, only to recognize whether they are happy words or not. To make the process simple, I mentally translate the question into: Though the first thingamabob was [not happy], the second thingamabob was __________. a. not happy b. happy c. not happy d. not happy I could use the same simplification technique with the conjunction but, as in The first thingamabob was [attractive, safe, whatever], but the second thingamabob was [the opposite]. The construction not only but tells us the opposite of though, that the second clause is giving us more of the same emotion as in the first clause: Not only was the thingamabob [useful], but it was [very useful, essential]. I use the slang word thingamabob to mean that it doesnt even matter what the thing actually is. What matters is the emotion in the clauses. It may sound like a vague technique, but by using it, I have achieved almost perfect scores on similar test sections in the PSAT, SAT, and GRE. Why tell stories? History is one of my favorite subjects. Even in elementary school, I would read ahead in my history book it had stories, after all. But at an earlier point in my life, I didnt appreciate history. History can be boring when teachers dont relate facts to human nature. I remember asking a teacher why we needed to study it. I wondered why we needed to learn about events that happened to other people long ago. My teacher explained that the stories of others can help us when were in similar situations. I read about a doctor who never expected to use what he had learned in his History of Medicine class, until he found himself in a prison camp without modern tools and treatments. In times of prosperity, we can draw lessons from other prosperous societies. When hard times come, its useful to know how other generations weathered hard times before us. A story is not just a way to make a lesson more interesting. A story can be the lesson itself. In December 1948, Israeli troops found the main road blocked to the central Egyptian garrison in the Negev desert. But Israeli general Yigael Yadin, an archaeologist by training, knew where a second road was. It had been abandoned thousands of years before, but with a little work, his troops made it through because their general knew old stories. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Business Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Synonyms for â€Å"Leader†Awoken or Awakened?50 Plain-Language Substitutions for Wordy Phrases

Engineering - Quality Management Research Paper

Engineering - Quality Management - Research Paper Example Looking back to the early 1980s a revolution, which can be perceived as a not-so-quiet, has been in effect in the global business. This has been an ideas revolution involving the questions of how to do business. The revolution can be said to be largely spearhead by three individuals, that is, Joseph Juran, Philip Crosby as well as W. Edward Deming. Thesis Statement The purpose of this paper is to access the similarities and the differences from the works of Deming and Crosby in quality management. On similarities, the paper will address; Customer Requirement as an important standard, the responsible quality management, goal of Quality as well as management Perspective. On the aspect of differences, the paper will address; The Basic orientation to quality, the question of what is Quality, implementation’s chief elements, inspection/ Defect control, improvement Basis, management perspective and cost of quality Discussion Similarities Customer Requirement as an important standard According to the work by Deming, he is of the view that the presence of a consumer is brought about by a necessity and as such, it is the most vital aspect of a system of production, that is, where there are no consumers, what then is the need for production? Crosby’s work define quality as conforming to certain set of specifications, which have been stipulated by the management of an organization and not some concept of goodness full of vagueness. The specifications entailed in quality are not made arbitrary either (Baxter & MacLeod, 2008). As such, they ought to be set in accordance with the needs as well as wants of the customers. The responsible quality management team According to the work advanced by Deming, it advances that quality is designed in the boardroom. In his notion of quality, he says that ideas such as; sincerity, hard work, personal responsibility as well as decency, indeed are responsible for the changed management world. He says that it is unsubstantial to just perform a task to the best of your capacity. It is necessary that one becomes aware of what he is working on. Crosby work indeed shares the same notion (Baxter & MacLeod, 2008). According to him, improvement in quality ought to commence from the top. In order to come up with a manufacturing process, with no defect, or what he term as zero defects, then the management of any organization must then set the suitable atmosphere and the tone whereby the employees will easily follow. If the management fails to establish a production system with zero defects, then it is not closer enough to a quality product. Goal of Quality In both works, they advance that quality improvement is an unending process. In Deming’s work, it is suggested that in order to meet and exceed the needs of a customer, it is necessary that there are continuous improvements. In the same notion, Crosby points out that the continuous improvements must be enhanced and as such, it should be done by setting a production with zero defects (John & Barnes, 2006). Though both works share common grounds in regard to the quality management, the largest part they share are the differences on the notion of quality management. Management Perspective In both works, drawing of comparison is mentioned

Accreditation of City College of San Francisco Research Paper - 1

Accreditation of City College of San Francisco - Research Paper Example Besides that I have incorporated pathos since there is an element of persuasion in argumentation and what better way to persuade than to appeal through the emotions of your opposition. The use of pathos has been juxtaposed with the use of logos since the opposition is one of the high intellects. Juxtaposition, therefore, is my second rhetorical device. The largest community college in California seems to have landed itself in big trouble. It faces the daunting prospect of losing its accreditation, a decision that would mean no more financial aid for its students and possibly the closure of the institution itself. The reasons for these are mainly fiscal trouble and mismanagement. Evaluators are not happy with the way City College allocates its budget, nor with the fact that it has a very few administrative staff, most of which, is untrained. According to Roberts, 92% of City College’s budget is spent on salaries and benefits with retirement benefits spiraling out of control, much of its one-time working capital is used to fund operational expenses and has a small number of administrators who are too inexperienced to run a big institution such as City College (Roberts). The Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges has given its verdict based on these reasons, the President of the Commission, Barbara Beno said, â€Å"Only accredited colleges can receive public funding under state law. However, City Colleges failure to fix serious, long-standing problems of leadership and fiscal planning means that the accrediting commission could vote as early as next June to yank the schools all-important certification† (Asimov). Losing accreditation would therefore mean no more public funding for one of the largest institutions in California, no chance of financial aid for its 90000 students and the dire prospect of closure. In fact, City College will also not be able to transfer credits,

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 14

Art - Essay Example aphs are used as models to create these paintings, followed by Gerhard Richter’s Photorealism and Over-painted Photographs; who also uses photographs as a major tool for his artistic practice. I will be exploring how a photograph is utilized through out the painting process, and the way it reflects on the painter’s emotional and intellectual aspects . The investigation of both painters will be carried out by looking at these paintings through the French literary theorist and philosopher Ronald Barthes lens, in which he mainly demonstrates in Camera Lucida. My analysis is based on his perception of the nature and essence of photography theories,along with an analysis of portraiture from a philosophical perspective by Professor and Chair Cynthia Freeland in her essayPortraits in Painting and Photography. Both investigations carryout Barthes essential ‘air’whichwill show how this concept of ‘air’ can be used to understand how both artists use photography as a source material.   I argue that a painter who uses photographs as an aiding tool to his/her creative painting practicesfinds the literalprecise reality through their mechanical accurate depiction of the real, yet finds them lacking the essence or ‘air’. This essence will become visible inthe final piece by the collaboration of both the accurate mechanical reality mean of expressiveness (the photograph) with the physical translation of the emotional and intellectual experiences by the human hand. With all the new introductions to new materials and techniques and with the enormous evolvement of digital technology in creating art, more inspirational experiences along with an infinite number of inventive traditional and digital techniques allowed artists to intrigue their motives and intentions in unlimited possible directions. In this regard, I will be exploring how has been utilized by contemporary painters to become part of their artistic experience in the 20th and the 21st century, which

The Effects of Humor and Incongruence on Word Recall Essay Example for Free

The Effects of Humor and Incongruence on Word Recall Essay Fifteen undergraduates from the University of California, Los Angeles participated in this experiment. There were 8 men and 7 women, age ranging from 19 to 30 years old. All 15 participants were enrolled in a research method class and they participated in the experiment as a part of a course requirement. Design A 2 x 2 (Type of sentence x image) within-subjects factorial design was used. The two independent variables were the type of sentence and the type of image with the respective to the italicized word in the sentence. The two levels of the type of sentence were humorous and nonhumorous sentences. The two levels of the type of image were matching or nonmatching images respective to the italicized words in their sentences. Matching images depict the italicized word in their corresponding sentences. Nonmatching images did not depict the italicized words. The dependent variable was the number of italicized words correctly recalled. Materials Sentences. Two sets of 20 sentences obtained from Schidmt (1994) were used. At the humorous sentence level, the 20 sentences had the mean rate for humor ranging from 3. 08 to 4. 0. At the nonhumorous sentence level, 20 other sentences had the mean rate for humor ranging from 1. 25 to 2. 86. The intensity of humor was determined by participants using a 5-point Likert-type scale where 5. 0 was the highest humor rating. Using these two sets of sentences, four lists were created, each with 20 different sentences. Random assignment was used to determine the placement of the sentences on the lists so that the serial positions of the sentences across the four lists are different from one list to the other. The words that will be used for recall were always italicized across the four lists. Pictures. 20 Microsoft Word Clip Art images were used for the matching conditions. The images were obtained using the key words of the italicized words. For the nonmatching condition, 10 neutral key words (i. e. , sun, flower) were used to obtain the 10 images from Clip Art. The nonmatching images were randomly assigned to the sentences. Each of the four lists has the same type and number of nonmatching images. Within every list, an image only appeared once. All images were 261 pixel by 159 pixel. All images were presented centered and below its respective sentence. PowerPoint slides. Computers with Microsoft PowerPoint program were randomly assigned to show one of the four types of sentences to participants. Four different lists each with 20 sentences and 20 images were obtained. Each list has 5 humorous sentences with matching images, 5 humorous sentences with nonmatching images, 5 nonhumorous sentences with matching images, and 5 nonhumorous sentences with nonmatching images. I counterbalanced the lists to control for order effect so that the serial positions of the 20 sentences are random within each of the four lists. To control for specific item effect, I use a balance Latin square to ensure that each of the 20 italicized words from the two sets of sentences appear in each of the four experimental condition. PowerPoint slides were used to present all the instructions, lists of words and pictures, and the first five math problems. Response sheet. A 8 1/2 in. by 11 in. paper were used to write the italicized words that the participants recalled. Distractor test. 10 arithmetic math problems were used as a distractor test. The first five math problems were presented in a PowerPoint slide and the next five math problems were presented in a 8 1/2 in. by 11 in. piece of paper. The reason why the distractor task was divided into both a PowerPoint and regular written exercise was to reduce as much of the demand characteristics of the experiments as possible. Participants write the answer to all 10 math problems on the paper. Procedures Participants were randomly assigned to a computer with one of the four types of lists. The experimenter told the participants to follow the instructions on the packet of paper given to them on how to access the presentation lists and the instructions presented by the computer. The experimenters made sure that all participants got to their respective lists before telling them to begin. Participants all started together. The instructions on the computer directed the participants to look the following 20 slides and try to remember as much information as they can about the slide. Each slide was shown for 7 seconds, one after another, and a blank screen was shown for 2 seconds between each slide. After all 20 slides were shown, a new slide informed the participants that they now have five minutes to solve both the five math problems presented in the slide and five math problems on the sheet next to the computer. The experimenter announced that time was up and told the participants to stop what they were doing and were to look back at the computer for further instructions. The final slide appeared on the screen and instructed the participants to write down as many italicized words as they can remember on the recall sheet. The recall test was an unexpected recall test because the participants did not expect that they need to remember the italicized words of the sentences rather than images or the content of the sentences. In the process of counting the number of italicized word correctly recalled, I used a lenient scoring criteria. If the main meaning of the correct italicized word was written if not the exact word, it would still be counted as a correctly recalled word. For example if the correct word was cheap but cheaply was written, it would be counted as one correctly recalled word.

Differences Between University And School :: essays research papers

In recent years, although tertiary education is certainly popular among Hong Kong students. It is unlikely that all students can easily catch the ways of studying at starting university. Therefore, we need to know actually what great differences between studying at university and school in order to adjust our ways of studying more effective to achieve the tertiary education. In this essay, I will try to examine their differences in terms of the characteristic of teachers and students, students ¡Ã‚ ¦ time management and motivation as well as the modes of assessment Firstly, the characteristic of teachers and students in school and at university has great differences. The school teachers dismantle to translate the textbooks word-by-word from limited information-based, and whether the students understand the lessons or not, they can passively copy down the information and refers to their notes later at home and memorizes them. However, the university students are no longer allowed to sit quietly and negatively throughout the class. They are being demanded to discuss academic matters or cooperate with other classmate to perform projects. They are require to find sources, gathering information and put them into order. As Marshall and Rowland (1993, 34) pointed out,  ¡Ã‚ ¥the ability to think critically is a generic skill that are expected to acquire in the undergraduate education and transfer to daily life, future or current work. ¡Ã‚ ¦ Therefore, the tutors at university who offer not only textbook instructions but also helps students to think critically and independently by encouragement. Besides, students can choose and adjust their own learning style independently from freely choices of materials provided at university. Another important difference in students time management that is mainly affected by the learners motivation in school and at university. The motivation of school students is comes from parents and teachers, who reward or punish students for keeping up their studies. Students are unexpected to plan or do anything besides follow the timetable and study schedule from teachers. When a student moves on to undertake university study at undergraduate level, there is demanded to be more self-motivated and independent learning. Such as plan a learning programme that takes into consideration time available for study. As Marshall and Rowland (1993, 41) shown that,  ¡Ã‚ ¥if students are studying at a distance in tertiary education are needed to be particularly careful in setting priorities and balance a certain time between work and study, family and social life.